Gender: Science and digitalization - Methodology
Data on the number of workers in research and development (R&D) were obtained from results of a regular annual statistical survey on research and development covering all economic entities, which carry out R&D activities (systematic and creative work executed in order to acquire new knowledge or to apply it) as their principal or secondary activities irrespective of the number of their employees.
- The registered number of workers as at 31 December (headcount) refers to the number of persons, fully or partially active in research and development activities, employed under a contract of employment by the end of the year in the entities monitored. First of all, in the higher education sector and partly also in the general government one, there are large numbers of persons working in R&D, particularly researchers, who are employed, often part time, in more than one entity. Therefore, this indicator does not reflect the actual number of persons employed in R&D in the Czech Republic and the given number of R&D workers is thus overvalued.
- Researchers are engaged in or manage projects that encompass a concept or creation of new knowledge, products, processes, methods, and systems. They are mostly science and professional intellectual workers and managers of research and development bodies and institutions.
- Technicians and equivalent staff (technicians and associate professionals; hereinafter only as technicians) carry out scientific and technical tasks within R&D activities, apply concepts and operating methods, usually under the supervision of researchers.
- Other supporting staff contribute to or are assigned to research and development activities (e.g. craftsmen, secretaries, and clerks). This group also encompasses managers and administrative support workers whose activities provide direct services to R&D.
- The business enterprise sector includes all companies, organizations, and institutions, principal activity of which is market production of goods or services for sale to the general public at an economically significant price.
- The government sector (S.13: General government) comprises bodies of central and local government, except for publicly managed higher education institutions (CZ-NACE 85.4). This sector includes in the Czech Republic especially individual research workplaces of the Czech Academy of Sciences and other public research institutions, places of research under the competence of ministries, which perform R&D as their principal activity. Other types of R&D workplaces in the government sector performing R&D most frequently as their secondary activity are cultural establishments (e.g. public libraries, archives, museums), public health establishments (except for teaching hospitals) with prevailing income coming from health insurance and other workplaces..
- The higher education sector comprises all public and private universities and all research institutes, experimental facilities, and clinics working under direct control of or managed by universities. R&D workplaces in the higher education sector in the Czech Republic comprise mainly individual faculties of 28 public and state universities and, since 2005, in accordance with the OECD methodology, also 12 teaching hospitals.
Detailed data and methodological information can be found at:
https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/statistika_vyzkumu_a_vyvoje (Czech only)
Since 2002, the Czech Statistical Office has been carrying out a survey on the usage of information and communication technologies in households and by individuals every year. The survey is carried out within the Labour Force Sample Survey (LFSS), which is implemented by the Czech Statistical Office.
The survey is carried out pursuant to the Regulation (EU) 2019/1700 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 October 2019 establishing a common framework for European statistics relating to persons and households. Thus it enables to provide data comparable with other EU Member States. The European Commission financially contributes to the survey implementation.
In 2022, the survey was carried out in the second quarter of the year. The questionnaire queries were responded by 6 779 individuals aged 16+ years. The questionnaire included 144 questions in total, of which 7 were for households and 137 for individuals.
The reference period for the data on persons is the last three months before the survey date (in the Czech Republic it was the 2nd quarter of the reference year). As for data on the Internet use in relation to public administration the reference period is the last 12 months prior to the survey date. As regards smart devices, respondents were asked whether they use the device at least sometimes. Educational attainment is published for the age group 25–64 years. Setting of some age groups aside shows the influence of education on information technologies usage better. For example, there is a big share of persons in the age group 16–24 years whose educational paths were not finished when the survey was carried out. Their educational attainment is thus conditioned rather by their age than their educational aspirations. Similarly, the educational attainment of persons aged 65+ years is mainly influenced by the time, in which these persons received the education. Among persons aged 65+ years, there is much higher share of persons with primary education than among younger ones.
The Internet user shall mean a person who used the Internet at least once in the last three months.
The Internet user in the mobile phone shall mean a person who connected to the Internet at least once by means of a mobile phone in the last three months, namely via Wi-Fi or mobile data.
The purchase over the Internet means on-line ordering of goods or services on websites or via web applications during the surveyed 3 months. The goods ordered over the Internet could be paid over the Internet or as “cash on delivery” or at personal pickup. Purchases over the Internet are surveyed as purchases for private purposes – i.e. for personal use and the use by the family or friends. Purchases for an employer are excluded.
Persons using social networks on the Internet are individuals who in the last three months logged into their user profile on such networks at least once and used available services such as, for example, browsing through posts of other users, communication with other users, and/or sharing of their own posts.
Note: Data on respective Internet activities performed by persons are presented as a share in:
- the total male and female population surveyed in the given age group; and
-
groups of male and female Internet users in the given age group.
The data in respective graphs refer to the share in the total male and female population surveyed, unless stated otherwise.
Purchases of electronics and computers also include besides purchases of computers, tablets, mobile phones, television sets, cameras, and the like purchases of accessories to those devices, e.g. mobile phone cases, headphones (earphones), printers, flash disks.
International comparisons
Data for the Czech Republic published by Eurostat slightly differ from the data provided for the CR by the Czech Statistical Office. The difference is caused by the fact that the data published by Eurostat only include persons aged 16–74 years. Eurostat does not publish data for the adult population aged 75+ years. On the other hand, the Czech Statistical Office gives data for the entire adult population, i.e. the whole population aged 16+ years.
Detailed methodology thereto can be found in the CZSO publication called “Use of ICT by Households and Individuals in 2022”, code 062004-22, which is available for free in Czech on the CZSO website at: https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/domacnosti_a_jednotlivci (Czech only).
