Demografie, 65(4): 167–182
https://doi.org/10.54694/dem.0319

Abstract
Population ageing in the United States has resulted in a substantial increase in retiree households. Understanding consumer behaviour among older individuals is crucial for assessing their well-being and living conditions. This study emphasises the importance of recognising the unique needs and preferences of older consumers, as their consumption patterns have a significant influence on household expenditures. While the stereotype of frugal retirees has evolved and active seniors are now portrayed as high spenders, the Covid-19 pandemic highlighted seniors' practical and realistic approach to their spending and challenged the popular notion of a lifestyle of forever-young seniors. Seniors still prioritise essential goods and services. During the pandemic, health-related expenditures increased, and they adapted their leisure activities to home-based alternatives. Our study investigates whether pre-retirees and retirees have shifted from prioritising retirement savings to focusing on essential needs like healthcare and housing, or whether they are allocating resources for experiences and travel to enhance their quality of life before and after retirement. Seniors exhibit distinct consumption patterns, with higher expenditures on health, personal care, and leisure activities than younger age groups. Consequently, businesses and policymakers need to develop strategies that account for the diverse consumption patterns of seniors, rather than assuming they will adopt the preferences of younger generations. The silver economy represents a dynamic and expanding market, particularly in the health and social care sector, offering substantial opportunities for investment.

Keywords
ageing, consumption, Covid-19 pandemic, household, silver economy, well-being

Demografie, 65(4): 183–199
https://doi.org/10.54694/dem.0321

Abstract
The municipalities in Slovakia in which the majority of people live in Roma settlements are characterised by several specific features. However, only limited attention has been paid to the process of migration and especially internal migration. The main goal of this article is the analysis of internal migration in selected municipalities with the highest proportion (more than 80%) of people living in Roma settlements. We tried to identify both the total volume and intensity of internal migration from and to the analysed municipalities, along with the available structural characteristics of the persons who changed their permanent residence. The results we obtained confirmed lower migration dynamics in these municipalities. We also found that economic factors do not play a significant role in migration within Slovakia. The most important reasons for migration were housing, for younger people following a family member who migrated, and, in older age groups, health reasons, especially in the case of emigrants. Factors behind the younger age of migrants from and to these municipalities include the fact that these migrants tend to complete education and begin some family transitions (childbearing, marriage) earlier than the majority population. Higher chances of migration were confirmed for more educated persons and, except among younger people, for people who not married. The results also confirmed the relatively narrow geographical area in which migration occurs, with most moves taking place over a short distance.

Keywords
internal migration, municipalities with Roma settlements, reasons, family status, educational attainment, Slovakia

Demografie, 65(4): 200–217
https://doi.org/10.54694/dem.0334

Abstract
Marriage formation and dissolution behaviours have changed significantly over time in Czechia. This article studies in greater detail the marital behaviour changes observed in the period 1993–2022 using the LIPRO 4.0 multistate programme, which allows for a detailed analysis of changes in life expectancy according to years spent in each marital state, marriage formation and dissolution behaviours, and the average ages at the time of different marital status events. The probabilities for the transition to the divorced and to the remarried state at selected ages are also presented, along with a status-quo projection of the Czech population until 2030. The results indicate the continued postponement of marriage and subsequent marital events. Czechs have been spending an increasing time never-married since the establishment of Czechia. However, recent improvements in first marriage and remarriage rates at the same time as declining divorce rates since 2019 suggest a renewed interest in marriage. Despite these positive developments, the population projection indicates a continued increase in the never-married population.

Keywords
multistate life tables, marital status, marriage formation and dissolution, Czechia

Demografie, 65(4): 221–239
https://doi.org/10.54694/dem.0336

Abstract
The article analyses the demographic development of Czech Republic in 2022 and sets it in the context of demographic trends in the last decade 2013–2022. The study focuses on the main demographic processes, namely fertility, mortality, nuptiality, divorce rate, and migration. The population of the Czech Republic grew as a result of the positive balance of international migration in 2022. Although the number of deaths decreased significantly year-on-year, the number of live births decreased considerably as well. Life expectancy at birth has increased for both sexes. The number of marriages increased to the level of 2018. The divorce rate continued its decline and, unlike nuptiality, it did not return to its pre-pandemic level.

Keywords
demographic development, population, age structure, nuptiality, divorce, fertility, mortality, migration, Czech Republic