Employment and Unemployment in the CR as Measured by the Labour Force Sample Survey - Annual Averages

 

III. Technical notes

 Contents

III. A. Estimates of confidence intervals

Sample surveys are usually connected with sampling and non-sampling errors. The latter are a result, for instance, of administrative drop-outs of dwellings out of the sample, intentional non-response or errors produced by filling in the questionnaire. With these errors, one cannot determine a deviation of estimate without rather wide knowledge of the basic sample. On the other hand, the sampling errors, which arise by applying characteristics of the sample to the basic sample, can be interpreted by means of confidence intervals. The confidence intervals are intervals determined around the estimate in such a way that the actual value of the estimated characteristic falls right within this interval. Constructed most frequently for estimates are the confidence intervals of 95 % (by multiplying the respective quantile of the standard normal distribution and the standard deviation) - i.e. an interval, in which the actual value of the estimated characteristic can be found with 95 % probability.

The theory of sample surveys distinguishes between the two most frequent type of aggregates: basic aggregates and partial aggregates. The former are some primary aggregates (employment, unemployment, ...) for a basic sample (men, women, persons at working age, men aged 20-24, ...). The latter includes some sub-aggregates in a basic aggregate. For instance, the breakdown of the CZ-NACE in the group of employed persons refers to sub-aggregates. The aggregates by age groups are not sub-aggregates - they are basic aggregates in the population aged 15-19, 20-24, etc.

The confidence intervals in Annex Tables I and II are calculated for the sample size in a given quarter. In order to calculate confidence intervals of aggregates for other quarters and partial aggregates for the Regions and Areas, the following formula and Table III should be used.



a) For the basic aggregate

where
N is the size of the basic sample
y is the estimate of aggregate Y in the basic sample
f is the respective relative size of sample



b) For the partial aggregate

where
N is replaced by the estimate of basic aggregate y and
y is replaced by the estimate of partial aggregate yA

the following formula is used:

Making the calculations, we should bear in mind that although the aggregates are published in thousands, units should be used in the formula. Both formulas are simplified approximations of precise formulas, but the deviations between the approximations and the precise formulas are not statistically significant. However, the formula for partial aggregates may produce inaccurate results for small estimates of the basic aggregate.

Generally in the whole publication, the annual averages lower than 3000 persons and quarterly sums lower than 4500 persons are considered as data with low reliability. In real terms it means that their relative standard error (i.e. coefficient of variation) is higher than 20 %. Annual data lower than 500 persons and quarterly data lower than 750 persons are not published, as their relative standard error is higher than 50 %. Instead of them there is a dot in the tables and for cases where the existence was not identified at all there is a slash in the tables.



III. B. Use of Annex tables


Table I Estimates of 95 % confidence interval of basic estimates for population aged 15+ (thousand)
Variants:

    Ia for basic aggregates in the year of 2006, total
    Ib for basic aggregates in the year of 2006, for one sex
The table is designed to establish an approximate 95 % confidence interval of basic estimates for the basic sample of 15+ population in the whole country and all its regions. For instance, if we want to know the confidence of the estimated number of employed (4828.1 thousand in the year of 2006), we shall find a row next to the number 4828.1 in the column of the Czech Republic. This is 29.0 thousand for the estimate size 4500 thousand. The next neighbouring value - 28.7 thousand - corresponds to the estimate 5000 thousand. Since the difference between 4828.1 and 4500 makes up almost two-thirds of the difference between 5000 and 4500, we shall subtract two-thirds of the difference between 29.0 and 28.7 from 29.0 and get 28.8 in the end. This means the 95 % confidence interval for the estimate of the number of employed in the year of 2006 is approx. 4828.1 +/- 28.8 thousand, i.e. there is a 95 % probability that the actual number of employed in the Czech Republic was not lower than 4799.3 thousand and not higher than 4856.9 thousand.

For comparison: When substituting into mentioned formula we reach the same interval.


Table II Estimates of 95 % confidence interval of partial estimates for population aged 15+ at the national level

Variants:
    IIa for partial aggregates in the year of 2006, total
    IIb for partial aggregates in the year of 2006, for one sex
The table is designed to determine an approximate 95 % confidence interval of partial estimates for the basic sample of 15+ population at the level of the Czech Republic only. For instance, if we wish to establish the confidence of an estimate of the employed in manufacturing in the year of 2006, which stood at 1361.5 thousand out of the total of 4828.1 thousand employed persons (28.2 % of all of the employed), we use the Table to find the value in a row approximately corresponding to 4828.1 and in a column approximately corresponding to 28.2. We can also make the following correction by a simple linear interpolation:

25
28.2
30
4 500
0.40
0.42
4828.1
cca 0.387
=0.40-(4828.1-4500)/ (5000-4500)* (0.40-0.38)
cca 0.400
=0.387+(28.2-25)/(30-25)* (0.407-0.387)
cca 0.407
=0.42-(4828.1-4500)/ (5000-4500)* (0.42-0.40)
5 000
0.38
0.40

This implies that there is a 95 % probability that there were not fewer than 28.2 % - 0.400 % (1342.2 thousand) and more than 28.2 % + 0.400 % (1380.8 thousand) of the employed in manufacturing.

For comparison: When substituting into mentioned formula we reach nearly the same interval: from 1342.2 to 1380.9.

Table II can also be used for basic aggregates in the age groups and sex for the whole country, provided the basic aggregate is replaced with the size of the basic sample and partial aggregate with the respective estimate.

In this chapter, we intended to give the reader general instructions on how to roughly determine the error which arises from applying characteristics of the sample to the basic sample. This error depends on three variables (on four in the case of partial aggregates), namely the size of the sample and of the estimate and, to a lesser extent, on the size of the basic sample. Giving an objective overview on errors of all the estimates would require compiling a large annex of tables and it would be difficult for common readers of economic publications to find the necessary information there. This is why all of the methods used are considerably approximate but still fully sufficient for getting an idea of the accuracy of the estimates.



III. C. Sources and classifications used

CZ-NUTS Territorial structure is defined in compliance with CZ-NUTS effective since 1 January, 2000.

Population Annual average of demographic projection of quarterly middle states for Labour Force Sample Survey on the base of final end states of 2005 regarding the appropriate time shift of changes in natural and mechanic movement of population during 2005 and 2006.

ISCED 97 Data on the level and groups of fields, or fields of education in compliance with international standard ISCED 97, UNESCO, November 1997.

CZ-NACE Figures concerning on industries of activity are split by the categories of the national Industrial Classification of Economic Activities (OKEC), continuously updated. The classification is compati­ble with the interna­tional classifica­tion NACE Rev.1.1.

CZ-ISCO-88 Occupations are classified in compliance with the national Classifi­cation of Occupa­tions (KZAM) (Volume 1, Rev.1) published by the CZSO in 1995. This classifica­tion is compati­ble with the interna­tional classification ISCO-88.

CZ-ICSE Status in employment is classified by the group of CZ-ICSE of 1998, which correspond to individual groups of the international classification ICSE-93.



III. D. Characteristic of classifications

CZ-NUTS : NUTS (La Nomenclature des Unités Territoriales Statistiques) was implemented by the Statistical Office of the European Communities in co-operation with the other EU authorities to allow to classify the standard unified structure of territorial units. It has been used in EU legislation, particularly for subsidies from the EU Structural Funds, since 1988.

There are 6 NUTS levels (NUTS 0, NUTS 1, NUTS 2, NUTS 3, NUTS 4 and NUTS 5), which represent the territorial size groups. The definition of each level depends on population and area. CZ-NUTS describes the territorial structure of the Czech Republic, using units that comply with the criteria of the European Union and approved by Eurostat for statistical purposes. This publication uses the following levels: NUTS 1 for the Czech Republic, NUTS 2 for Areas and NUTS 3 for Regions.

ISCED 97 : Published data on the level and groups of fields, or fields of education are in compliance with international standard ISCED 97 (International Standard Classification of Education) issued by UNESCO in November 1997. Since 1 January 2003 the classification of field of study for 3 digits is fully implemented in LFSS, it was taken over from the Institute for information on education - Ministry of Education of the CR.
According to ISCED 97, the levels of education break down as follows:


    0 preprimary education - educational programmes for preschool education. This level includes also persons without any educational attainment.
    1 primary education - the 1st level of basic education, i.e. completed 5th form of the basic school.
    2 lower secondary education - above all the 2nd level of basic education, completed usually by 9th form.
    3 secondary education - technical and general secondary education at secondary technical, general and vocational schools, usually completed with the General Certificate of Secondary Education of final examination. Herein, there are included also graduates of lower practical school as it had character of upper secondary education in the cases of elderly who have been out of education long time.
    4 postsecondary education - postsecondary qualifications, specialisation and innovation study not included into tertiary education.
    5 first level of tertiary education - bachelor and master study programmes not leading directly to a scientific degree.
    6 second level of tertiary education - tertiary educational programmes leading to a scientific degree.

A criterion of the “following education or purpose” is applied within individual levels. The present publication uses this for level 3 (e.g. school leavers of group 3A can continue to study for the bachelor or master degree, while programmes of group 3C directly channel school leavers into the labour market). Secondary education with GCE in the tables includes vocational and technical education.

CZ-NACE : With regard to the Czech Republic’s information obligations towards the European Union, UN, IMF and other international organisations, this standard is fully based on NACE, used by the EU. Currently according to up-dating changes and amendments of European Standard NACE rev. 1.1 the up-date of NACE-CZ classification was executed (3rd edition valid from 1 January 2003).

CZ-ISCO-88 : The subject of this classification is occupation, i.e. activity executed by a person (even though it is not their profession) and which is their main source of income from work. The classification is based on ISCO-88 (International Standard Classification of Occupations) adopted by the 14th International Conference of Labour Statisticians in November 1987.

CZ-ICSE : CZ-ICSE is based on the revised International Classification of Status in Employment - ICSE-93, approved by the 15th International Conference of Labour Statisticians in January 1993. ICSE-93 is obligatory only at the one-digit level, more detailed breakdown is recommended. CZ-ISCE is obligatory down to the four-digit level. Only economically active persons are included.



III. E. List of tables

In connection with the territorial structure of the Czech Republic effective since 1 January 2000, the structure of tables has been changed to cover not only factual, but also territorial insight into the labour market in the Czech Republic at the levels of NUTS 1 (Czech Republic), NUTS 2 (Areas) and NUTS 3 (Regions). In view of the fact that the differences between the size of individual regions and thus between the size of the samples deepened, compared with the former territorial structure, data published have been selected with regard to their reliability.

The tables are divided into five basic Groups characterising the sample and the categories of the employed and unemployed broken down always by sex. The numbers of tables comprise of three digits; the following overview gives information on the territorial detail of a table bihind the slash:

    xxx / 1 NUTS1 - Czech Republic
    xxx / 2 NUTS2 - Czech Republic and Areas
    xxx / 3 NUTS3 - Czech Republic and Regions

III. E. 1. Characteristic of population of the Czech Republic (Tables 101 to 109)

The block of tables shows basic demographic information on the population of the Czech Republic. The basis is provided by projected demographic data for the CR population relating to the middle of a reference period and characteristics of the population from the LFSS.

101 / 3 Population of the Czech Republic by age
Age structure of the whole population of the CR and Regions - projected demography of the LFSS.

102 / 3 Population of the Czech Republic by education
The highest educational attainment of respondents in the CR and Regions in absolute and relative figures.

103 / 3 Selected fields of education - ISCED 97
Selected fields of education by ISCED 97 in the CR and Regions.

104 / 3 Activity status of population aged 15+
The absolute and relative structure of population 15+ in the Czech Republic and Regions by professional status and by rough age groups.

105 / 1 Levels and fields of education by age groups
Educational attainment in rough age groups in the Czech Republic and groups of fields by ISCED 97. Groups of fields at various levels of education.

106 / 2 Age and education of the population by activity status
Rough age structure and educational attainment of population aged 15+ by the category of activity status in the Czech Republic and Areas.

107 / 3 Main reasons for economic inactivity
Main reasons for economic inactivity of population aged 15+ in the Czech Republic and Regions and main reasons for economic inactivity of population aged 20-59.

108 / 1 Persons with disability
Rough age structure and educational attainment of the employed, unemployed and economically inactive aged 15+ with disability, compared with the whole population 15+.

109 / 1 Population 15+ by activity status one year ago
Population 15+ by activity status in reference week and usual activity status one year ago, incl. status in employment and reasons for economic inactivity.


III. E. 2. Employment in national economy (Tables 201 to 207)

The tables embrace all persons classified by ILO as employed in national economy, i.e. including regular members of the armed forces. However, persons on parental leave are excluded.

201 / 3 Employment in national economy by Regions - part 1
First job holders in the national economy of the Czech Republic and Regions by age groups of the employed, by educational attainment and by selected fields of education.

202 / 3 Employment in national economy by regions - part 2
First job holders in the national economy of the Czech Republic and Regions by basic classifications - CZ-ICSE, CZ-NACE and CZ-ISCO-88.

203 / 1 Employment in national economy by age - part 1
Age groups of first job holders in the national economy of the Czech Republic by educational attainment and by selected group of fields of education.

204 / 1 Employment in national economy by age - part 2
Age groups of first job holders in the national economy of the Czech Republic by basic classifications - CZ-ICSE, CZ-NACE and CZ-ISCO-88.

205 / 2 Employment in national economy by areas
First job holders in the national economy of the Czech Republic and Areas by basic classifications - CZ-ICSE, CZ-NACE and CZ-ISCO-88.

206 / 1 Employment in national economy by education
First job holders in the national economy of the Czech Republic by basic classifications - CZ-ICSE and CZ-ISCO-88 at individual levels of educational attainment.

207 / 1 Classification of occupations by economic activity
The representation of major groups of CZ-ISCO-88 in individual industries of the Czech national economy.


III. E. 3. Employment in civil sector (Tables 301 to 314)

Employment in the civil sector (CS) of national economy includes all persons classified by ILO as employed in national economy, excluding regular members of the armed forces. Excluded are also persons on parental leave.

301 / 3 Status in employment in sectors
The representation of first job holders in CS, employees (incl. members of producers´ cooperatives), employers and own-account workers in sectors of the Czech Republic and Regions.

302 / 1 Employment in civil sector by professional status and by industry
First job holders in civil sector by professional status and industry.

303 / 1 Employment in civil sector by professional status, classification of occupation and educational attainment
First job holders in civil sector by professional status, field of occupation (ISCO 88 classification) and level of education (ISCED 97).

304 / 1 First job holders: by selected economic activity
First job holders in the CR in selected most frequent sections and divisions of CZ-NACE.

305 / 1 Employment by professional status, type of contract and job duration
The employed in CS of the CR and their status in first job by kind of working contract (with limited or unlimited job tenure, other) and by working hours and duration of present job.

306 / 1 Employment in civil sector on work contract with limited duration
First job holders on work contracts with limited duration by gross age groups, level of education, industry, field of occupation (ISCO 88 classification) and reason for inactivity.

307 / 3 Hours usually and actually worked in the week
The average number of hours usually and actually worked in a week (full-time jobs) by status in employment, and the average number of hours worked (part-time jobs) in the CR and Regions.

308 / 1 Hours worked by industry and job distinction
The average number of hours usually and actually worked in a week in individual industries of CS in total and in full-time and part-time jobs.

309 / 2 Hours actually worked by status in employment
The numbers of employed in CS by status in employment broken down by hours actually worked in first job in the CR and Areas.

310 / 1 Hours actually worked by status in employment and age
The numbers of employed in CS by status in employment broken down by hours actually worked in first job and by rough age groups.

311 / 1 Part-time jobs and underemployment
The employed in CS in part-time jobs in rough age groups by educational attainment and by main reasons for holding a part-time job. Underemployment.

312 / 1 Employment in civil sector on short-time work
First job holders on limited duration of work by gross age groups, selected industry and selected field of occupation (ISCO 88 classification).

313 / 1 Work in atypical time in civil sector
First job holders by age groups, professional status, shift-work, work in the evening, at night, on Saturdays and on Sundays.

314 / 2 Work status and disability
Main reasons why persons in the CR and Areas worked in the reference week fewer hours than contracted or why they did not work at all. The numbers of persons with disability in CS.


III. E. 4. Unemployment (Tables 401-408)

Tables of this group include persons classified as unemployed by international definitions and recommendations of ILO - i.e. persons who were without work in reference period, were actively seeking job, and were ready to take up a job within 14 days. Included are also persons who have already found a job, but their commencement of work was fixed for 14 days at the latest.

401 / 3 Age, education and specific groups of unemployed
The unemployed in the Czech Republic and Regions by rough age groups and by educational attainment. Specific groups of the unemployed (persons who have already found work but its beginning is delayed for 14 days at the latest, those not registered by labour offices, the unemployed with disability).

402 / 1 Basic characteristics of unemployed
The unemployed in the Czech Republic with various educational attainment by their economic status before they started to seek work and by the time of seeking job.

403 / 1 Education of unemployed in age groups
Rough age groups of the unemployed in the Czech Republic by educational attainment and by selected groups of education fields.

404 / 1 Last industry and occupation of unemployed by education
Main reasons for the termination of last employment, selected industries and selected major groups of CZ-ISCO-88 of last job held by the unemployed in the Czech Republic by their educational attainment.

405 / 1 Job seeking conditions
The type of job sought, required hours worked and the most frequent ways of seeking jobs by the unemployed in the Czech Republic and by educational attainment.

406 / 2 Unemployment in Areas of the Czech Republic
Unemployment in the Areas of the CR by age groups and by educational attainment.

407 / 1 Long-term unemployment by educational attainment
Unemployed for 1 year and more by level of education, selected industry of previous employment, selected field of occupation (ISCO 88 classification) and age groups.

408 / 3 Long-term unemployment in the Regions of Czech Republic
Unemployed for 1 year and more in Regions of the CR by age groups and level of education.


III. E. 5. Time series of basic indicators (Tables 501 to 509)

The tables included in this group show some basic indicators which describe employment, unemployment, unemployment rate, participa­tion rate and employment rate over a period of 1 year.

501 / 1 First job - part 1
First job holders in the national economy by Region and Area, by age structure and by educational attainment in a time series of last five quarters.

502 / 1 First job - part 2
First job holders in the national economy by status in employment (CZ-ICSE), by industry and sector (CZ-NACE) and by major group of CZ-ISCO-88 in a time series of last five quarters.

503 / 1 Second job - part 1
Second job holders in the national economy by Region in a time series of last five quarters.

504 / 1 Second job - part 2
Second job holders in the national economy by status in employment (CZ-ICSE) by industry and sector (CZ-NACE) and by major group of CZ-ISCO-88 in a time series of last five quarters.

505 / 1 Unemployment - part 1
The unemployed by Region and Area, by age structure and educational attainment in a time series of last five quarters.

506 / 1 Unemployment - part 2
The unemployed, previously employed, by industry of their last employment in a time series of last five quarters.

507 / 1 Unemployment rate
Unemployment rates in Regions of the Czech Republic by age group and by educational attainment and long-term unemployment rate by gross age group in a time series of last five quarters.

508 / 1 Economic activity rate
Economic activity rates in Regions and Areas of the Czech Republic by age group and by educational attainment in a time series of last five quarters.

509 / 1 Employment rate
Employment rates in Regions and Areas of the Czech Republic by age group and by educational attainment in a time series of last five quarters.



III. F. Other notes

Absolute values are in thousands. Differences between the total and individual items used to provide the total are due to rounding-off (it was the total that was rounded off and not the individual items). Absolute and relative data in all textual and annex tables and in text, are derived from non-rounded-off figures.

The following standard statistical symbols are used in the tables to show cases of marginal values:

    - is used to indicate that the phenomenon given did not occur in the sample.
    0 is used to indicate that the phenomenon occurred in the sample, but at values which are below "0.1" when rounded off in a standard manner.
    x is used to indicate that the phenomenon is not applicable.
    • shows that the figure is not available or cannot be relied on.
"Not identified" in the tables comprises refused answers, answers "do not know" and any other case of an unidentified answer of the respondent. Where more answers to the question asked are possible, the data are classified, in principle, according to the main variant of the answer.

It should be borne in mind in using the tables that sample methods were employed to acquire the information and, therefore, the accuracy decreases as the sample diminishes (e.g., the breakdown of the unem­ployed by various aspects of regions, etc.).

The LFSS provides representative results on unemployment at quarterly periodic­ity only. Monthly periodicity and data for smaller territori­al units (districts) can only be provided by labour offices; this is why the two sources of information on the labour market should be used in parallel, but bearing in mind the differences in methodology.



III. G. Access to release

This publication is issued in the following forms:

    a) Print :
    Czech version publication code : 3115 - 07
    b) Electronic form : Excel (*.xls), Adobe Acrobat (*.pdf), Gif (*.gif)
    Czech version 311507.zip
    c) Internet : Excel (*.xls), Adobe Acrobat (*.pdf), Gif (*.gif)
    Czech and English versions http://www.czso.cz