Statistical Yearbook of the Czech Republic
Energy - methodology B |
Contents |
| B. ENERGY Data on mining, production, inventories and consumption of fuel and energy were obtained by 100% survey using statistical questionnaires. Data on external trade (exports and imports) in fuel and energy were collected through statistical questionnaires, too, and supplemented with customs statistics. Energy balance is compiled in line with the methodology used in the Czech Statistical Office. Natural resources include the extraction of primary resources of fuel for sale (after primary treatment), generation of hydro-electricity as measured at generator terminals, heat produced in nuclear power plants for the electricity production and distribution, and heat released by exothermal chemical reactions, which is further used (e.g., heat from sulphuric acid production). Imports comprise all kinds of fuel and energy, including intermediate products, brought to the country from abroad in accordance with customs proceedings regulations. Included are enterprise data confronted with customs statistics. Transit deliveries of fuels and energy are excluded. Similar reporting principles apply to exports. Withdrawals from inventories (decreases in inventories) increase disposable resources and are thus marked with „+“, whereas entries into inventories (increases in inventories) limit these resources and are designated with „-“. Other resources „+“, other decreases „-“ are other registered increases/decreases in resources such as recycled bituminous coal sludge, withdrawals from or entries into inventories of liquid fuel semi-finished products. Gross consumption of primary energy resources is the sum of natural resources, imports, consumed inventories and other resources minus exports, entries into inventories and any other decrease. Non-energy materials are products originating in non-energy processes of fuel upgrading; their nature pre-determines them for other than energy purposes (they are formed in high-temperature coal carbonisation, pressure gasification and liquid fuel production processes). Balancing differences occur as a result of different dates (times) in the records of the manufacturer and of trading organizations/users. Besides, figures expressed in terms of energy equivalent contain differences due to different heating values of fuel (solid fuel in particular) reported by the manufacturer (supplier) and the consumer. Final consumption is the consumption of fuel and energy as measured immediately before they enter a device to generate the final effect, but not to produce any other type of energy in the device (with the exception of secondary energy resources). High-voltage consumption – consumption exceeding 60 001 m3 a year. Low-voltage consumption – consumption up to 60 000 m3 a year, excluding households. Specific consumption of selected products is defined as the ratio of final consumption of fuel and energy, in terms of energy units of measure (GJ), to the quantity of products turned out and expressed in physical units (tonne, m3, etc.). Energy processes are productive activities, which result in an increased in-use value of energy materials put through these processes. The energy balance of the processes quantifies their inputs on the one hand and outputs plus losses on the other hand. As a rule, these processes also change input fuel and energy substantially to improve the in-use value. Heat production (Outputs, total) includes only heat generated from fuels (not secondary heat). Table 16-13. 'Overall energy balance' includes all heat, i.e. secondary heat, too, which influences the calculation of losses in heat production. The balances are part of the energy balance and are governed by the same methodology. The balance of natural gas is presented in terms of heat and volume units. Final consumption includes high-voltage consumption, low-voltage consumption, household consumption, and losses. Consumption of liquid, solid and gaseous fuels is given in terms of energy units. The figures refer to production and non-production consumption in electricity and heat production processes and fuel upgrading processes, including input and operating consumption and consumption of diesel oil and gasoline for intra-enterprise transport. Consumption of electricity also includes own consumption for the production of electricity. This energy balance has been compiled according to international methodology for OECD/IEA/EU/EUROSTAT. Indigenous production and other sources (extraction, purchases) - all production on the territory of the country. Included are also amounts of additives/oxygenates and other hydrocarbons supplied to refineries from other sectors of industry. Backflows from petrochemical industry to refineries - usually deliveries of semi-finished by-products (refinery feedstock) from petrochemical processing to refineries for further processing or blending. Products transferred (reclassified) - amounts of crude oil products reclassified to raw materials (feedstock) for further processing in refineries. Imports (intakes) - includes amounts of goods crossing the state border, irrespective whether they were entered through customs or not. Imports of crude oil and additives are reported as goods delivered from country of origin. Imports of refinery feedstocks and other hydrocarbons are reported as goods delivered from country of commerce. In the event of exports of the two groups of goods, countries of destination are reported. The data are confronted with customs statistics produced by the Directorate General of Customs. Direct use of resources - amounts used in refineries directly - i.e. without any processing (e.g. amounts of crude oil used for fuel to produce electricity, heat, etc.). Stock change - a decrease in stock increases disposable sources and is thus marked with „+“, whereas an increase in stock limits these sources and is designated with „-“. Refinery intake (calculated) - quantities of crude oil, refinery feedstocks and products that entered the refinery process defined and calculated as follows: indigenous production (extraction) plus backflows from petrochemical processes to refineries plus transferred (reclassified) products + imports minus exports minus direct use of resources + stock change. Statistical difference - the difference between observed and calculated inputs, which may occur for one reason or another (e.g. rounding-off, conversion of cubic metres into metric tonnes, compression in crude oil pipelines, etc.). Refinery intake (observed) - actual quantities of crude oil, refinery feedstocks and products that entered the refinery process. Refinery losses - the difference between the refinery intake observed and refinery output. Refinery output - total production of basic refinery products in domestic refineries. Imports (outputs) - see Imports (intakes). Imports of refinery products are reported as goods delivered from the country of commerce. With exports of refinery products, countries of destinations are reported. The data are confronted with customs statistics of the Directorate General of Customs. Other sources (+), other decreases (-) - other recorded increases or decreases in resources, e.g. refinery fuel (-), transfers of feedstocks (blending) (-,+), transferred (reclassified) products (-,+). Gross inland deliveries - deliveries of basic refinery products to domestic market. Motor gasolines - leaded and unleaded motor gasolines. Kerosenes - kerosene type jet fuel and other kerosene. Diesel and gas oils - diesel oil for propulsion and gas oils for heating, chemical processing, special processing, etc. Fuel oils - fuel oils low in sulphur (<1% S) and high in sulphur (>1% S). Others - liquefied petroleum gas (propane-butane), naphtha, industrial spirit, white spirit, lubricants, asphalts, paraffin, waxes, petroleum coke and other products. Hydro-electric power plants – production of electricity in hydro-electric power plants is also given in Table 16-17 due to methodological incorporation into the overall energy balance of the Czech Republic. However, its nature classifies it to the renewable sources of energy. The production mostly takes place in large and small through-flow power plants (utilization of the kinetic energy of water) and pump-storage power plants (utilization of potential energy of water). Wind power plants produce electricity using the kinetic energy of wind. Solid biomass is a solid part of organic (plant and animal) wastes and renewable biomass (fast growing plants and tree species) that can be used for the production of energy. Industrial wastes are mostly non-recyclable solid and liquid inorganic and organic technological wastes burnt directly. Municipal (town) wastes are mostly solid unsorted (non-recyclable) town wastes burnt directly. Biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide formed by anaerobic fermentation of biomass. In principle it is split into landfill biogas, sewage biogas (from waste water treatment plants) and other gases such as those produced by fermentation of waste from food-processing plants (abattoirs, breweries, etc.). The use of other kinds of energy (e. g. geothermal or solar energy) is being tested in the CR and is not significant statistically yet. ENERGO 2004—the ad hoc sample survey on the consumption of fuels and energy for 2003 was conducted in about 1% (40 000) households in the CR in 2004. Methodologically it followed up the pilot survey of Eurostat taken in 10 countries (in the CR in 1997). The sample survey used a new questionnaire to ascertain renewable sources of energy in households. The results of the survey will be utilized as complex source data to refine the energy balance of the CR in the sector of households and in projects aimed at making more efficient the energy management in households. The basic characteristics presented were processed in the breakdown by urban and rural localities and the CR. The table gives values of average total annual energy consumption (covering all purposes of uses) per dwelling and for dwellings in urban and rural localities, including dwellings with and without agricultural and business activities (LH side and RH side, respectively). Using the same breakdown of the localities and regions, the table lists total average annual costs of fuels and energy consumed per dwelling and 1 m2 of heated area. The costs are affected by a number of factors, especially by the size of dwelling (the influence of small dwellings in urban localities and large dwellings in rural localities), the level of prices of electricity, natural gas and heat deliveries. They are also affected by external insulation of the house, heat and hot water consumption meters, heated swimming pools and indoor gardens in rural localities.
* * *
More detailed data are available in the following CZSO publications brought out according to the CZSO Catalogue of Publications 2005 (group 8 – INDUSTRY, CONSTRUCTION, subgroup 81 - Energy):
|
